1. Solar Panel (Photovoltaic Module)
- Function: Captures sunlight and converts it into DC electricity.
- Key detail: Efficiency depends on sunlight angle and cleanliness.
- Tip: Panels should face south (in the northern hemisphere) at a tilt equal to your latitude.
2. Charge Controller
- Function: Regulates voltage and current from the panels to the battery.
- Purpose: Prevents overcharging and extends battery life.
- Types:
- PWM (Pulse Width Modulation): Simple and affordable.
- MPPT (Maximum Power Point Tracking): More efficient, ideal for larger systems.
3. Battery (DC Storage)
- Function: Stores energy for use when sunlight is unavailable.
- Common types:
- Lead‑acid: Reliable and inexpensive.
- Lithium‑ion: Lightweight, longer lifespan, higher cost.
- Tip: Keep batteries in a cool, ventilated area.
4. Inverter (DC → AC)
- Function: Converts stored DC power into AC electricity for household use.
- Types:
- Pure sine wave: Best for sensitive electronics.
- Modified sine wave: Cheaper, suitable for basic appliances.
- Tip: Match inverter capacity to your total load (watts).
5. Load (Appliances or Devices)
- Function: Uses the converted AC power.
- Examples: Lights, fans, TVs, computers, pumps.
- Tip: Use energy‑efficient appliances to maximize system performance.
